Complaint letter

Protest letter I wish to introduce protests that your business has introduced to Yoga Center which have constantly attempted to strain our relationship as business neighbors. Your representatives have consistently been leaving the trash trucks outside our Day-care premises making it an immense interruption to our customers too. This is against the acknowledged code of conduct since the trucks ought to be kept at the proper stockpiling zones consistently. We have likewise noted with worry that your organizations have been dumping squanders and other unseemly things near our premises. This is a blemish to our business and has unfavorably influenced the business. This illicit dumping has made us land into issues with the nearby specialists as dumping is against the neighborhood guidelines (Joshi, 2006). As of late Yoga Center was even required to pay a weighty fine. Another protest which we wish to raise is the prominent out of line rivalry which you have exposed to our business. The bulletins which have been raised around our business have to a great extent confounded our customers and made the business to not get quick as envisioned. The capacity and leaving of vehicles has additionally been an instance of pain. Commotion has been on increment in the ongoing past. This being a yoga community we require all out quietness all together for the individuals to viably reflect and offer sufficient consideration to babies. The expanded clamor levels function as an interruption and the customers don't accomplish the fundamental outcomes. This has made our customers not to be happy with the outcomes and they have left the yoga classes accordingly making us to lose benefits. Generously think about these grumblings for shared relations between us, much obliged. References Joshi, G. (2006). Composing Skills for Technical Purposes. New York, U.S.A: Gyan Publishing House

Criminal Justice and Technology Free Essays

PC and broadcast communications innovations in criminal equity framework have created at an unprecedented rate. Expanded figuring power, progresses in information transmission and appealing and easy to understand realistic interfaces present law requirement organizations with remarkable ability to gather, store, dissect and share information with partners inside and outside of government. Innovation in criminal equity field speaks to a device to help neighborhood law requirement accomplish its widened and progressively complex strategic. We will compose a custom exposition test on Criminal Justice and Technology or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now In any case, regardless of whether this ability is completely acknowledged, and at what pace, is anything but an inevitable end product. Fundamental examinations propose that if its coordination isn't very much dealt with, a few parts of innovation may meet with obstruction among officials and other staff, especially when such innovation is seen as unreasonably meddling or in fact bulky. Generally, mechanical development has filled in as the impetus for emotional changes in the association of police work and has introduced the two chances and difficulties to police and other criminal equity experts, as per Janet Chan, a social researcher who has concentrated how innovation influences the manner in which police carry out their responsibilities. Taking note of that data is the loading exchange of policing, Chan has distinguished three general objectives driving law enforcement’s interest in data innovation: 1. A Technology-driven basic to improve adequacy and effectiveness by expanding the ability to store and procedure huge volumes of information; Improving insight and analytical capacities; and giving prepared access to criminal records and different sorts of significant information. 2. An Information-driven basic to fulfill expanding requests to impart information to outer substances, including other government offices, general society and other outside elements, for example, insurance agencies and different organizations; and 3. A Policy-driven basic to meet the prerequisites of new types of police the executives and responsibility, regarding integrity, cost viability, and procedural consistency, including frameworks intended to give early notice to police utilization of power grievances. Under this new request, police are being examined inside by the board frameworks, reconnaissance advances, interior reviews and examinations and remotely by guard dog organizations, open protest frameworks and focal evaluators. As Chan notes, data innovation gives an instrument not exclusively to policing residents, yet in addition for policing the police. Significant innovations in the Criminal Justice System DNA-The previous decade has seen extraordinary advances in an incredible criminal equity device: deoxyribonucleic corrosive, or DNA. This one can be utilized to recognize crooks with mind boggling precision when organic proof exists. By a similar token, DNA can be utilized to clear suspects and absolve people erroneously blamed or sentenced for violations. On the whole, DNA innovation is progressively fundamental to guaranteeing exactness and decency in the criminal equity framework. DNA is commonly used to unravel violations in one of two different ways. In situations where a suspect is recognized, an example of that person’s DNA can be contrasted with proof from the wrongdoing scene. The consequences of this correlation may help build up whether the speculate carried out the wrongdoing. In situations where a suspect has not yet been recognized, organic proof from the wrongdoing scene can be broke down and contrasted with guilty party profiles in DNA databases to help distinguish the culprit. Wrongdoing scene proof can likewise be connected to other wrongdoing scenes using DNA databases. DNA proof is commonly connected to DNA wrongdoer profiles through DNA databases. In the late 1980s, the government laid the preparation for an arrangement of national, state, and neighborhood DNA databases for the capacity and trade of DNA profiles. This framework, called the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), keeps up DNA profiles got under the government, state, and nearby frameworks in a lot of databases that are accessible to law implementation offices the nation over for law requirement purposes. CODIS can contrast wrongdoing scene proof with a database of DNA profiles acquired from sentenced guilty parties. CODIS can likewise connect DNA proof got from various wrongdoing scenes, in this manner distinguishing sequential hoodlums. So as to exploit the insightful capability of CODIS, in the late 1980s and mid 1990s, states started passing laws requiring wrongdoers sentenced for specific offenses to give DNA tests. At present each of the 50 states and the national government have laws necessitating that DNA tests be gathered from certain classes of guilty parties. Fingerprints-offer a faultless methods for individual recognizable proof. That is the basic clarification for their having superseded different strategies for setting up the characters of crooks hesitant to concede past captures. The study of unique finger impression Identification stands apart among all other criminological sciences for some, reasons, including the accompanying: * Has served all legislatures overall during the previous 100 years to give exact recognizable proof of lawbreakers. No two fingerprints have ever been discovered the same in a huge number of human and mechanized PC correlations. Fingerprints are the very reason for criminal history establishment at each police office on earth. * Established the principal measurable expert association, the International Association for Identification (IAI), in 1915. * Established the primary expert accreditation program for measurable researchers, the IAI’s Certified Latent Print Examiner program (in 1977), giving affirmation to those gathering rigid models and renouncing confirmation for genuine blunders, for example, mistaken distinguishing pieces of proof. * Remains the most regularly utilized measurable proof overall †in many purviews unique finger impression assessment cases coordinate or dwarf all other scientific assessment casework joined. * Continues to extend as the head technique for distinguishing people, with a huge number of people added to unique mark stores every day in America alone †far surpassing comparable databases in development. * Worldwide, fingerprints collected from wrongdoing â€Å"scenes lead to more suspects and produce more proof in court than all other scientific strategies combined†. Other noticeable human qualities change †fingerprints don't. The most effective method to refer to Criminal Justice and Technology, Essay models

Understanding and Managing Holiday Stress

Understanding and Managing Holiday Stress Stress Management Situational Stress Print Managing the Seemingly Inevitable Holiday Season Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 24, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Blend Images - Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Getty Images Welcome to the holiday seasonâ€"that whirlwind of gift-giving holidays, marketing blitzes, holiday parties, and activities galore that begins right after Halloween, builds to Thanksgiving  and continues gaining momentum through the end of the year. While this season is meant to bring feelings of love and cheer, it’s also the harbinger of holiday stress for many. In fact, according to a poll conducted on this site, more than 80% of us find the holiday season to be ‘somewhat’ or ‘very’ stressfulâ€"that ranks navigating the holidays right up there with asking for a raise! What is it that has us all so hot and bothered? Doing too Much All things in moderation, as the saying goes. The problem with the holiday season is that we often experience too much of a good thing. While stress itself is necessary for our survival and zest for life (researchers call this positive type of stress eustress), too much stress has a negative impact on our health, both mental and physical. Too many activities, even if they are fun activities, can culminate in too much holiday stress and leave us feeling frazzled, rather than fulfilled. Eating, Drinking, and Spending too Much An overabundance of parties and gift-giving occasions lead many people to eat, drink  and be merryâ€"often to excess. The temptation to overindulge in spending, rich desserts or alcohol can cause many people the lasting stress of dealing with consequences (debt, weight gain, memories of embarrassing behavior) that can linger long after the season is over. Also, in these more difficult financial times, finding affordable gifts can be stressful in itself, and carrying holiday debt is a tradition that too many people unwittingly bring on themselves, and the stress that comes with it can last for months. Too Much Togetherness The holidays are a time when extended families tend to gather. While this can be a wonderful thing, even the most close-knit families can overdose on togetherness, making it hard for family members to maintain a healthy balance between bonding and alone time. Many families also have roles that each member falls into that have more to do with who individuals used to be rather than who they are today, which can sometimes bring more dread than love to these gatherings. Not Enough Togetherness For those who don’t have these family issues, loneliness can be just as much of a problem. As the world seems to be gathering with family, those who rely more on friends for support can feel deserted and alone. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) An often unrecognized problem that comes with the holiday season is actually a by-product of the seasons changing from fall to winter. As daylight diminishes and the weather causes many of us to spend more time indoors, many people are affected to some degree by a type of depression known as seasonal affective disorder. It’s a subtle  but very real condition that can cast a pall over the whole season and be a source of stress and unhappiness during a time that people expect to feel just the opposite. Minimizing Holiday Stress The great thing about holiday stress is that it’s predictable. Unlike many other types of negative stress we encounter in life, we know when holiday stress will begin and end, and we can make plans to reduce the amount of stress we experience and the negative impact it has on us. Here are some tips you can try to help reduce holiday stress before it begins so that it remains at a positive level, rather than an overwhelming one. Set Your Priorities Before you get overwhelmed by too many activities, it’s important to decide what traditions offer the most positive impact and eliminate superfluous activities. For example, if you usually become overwhelmed by a flurry of baking, caroling, shopping, sending cards, visiting relatives and other activities that leave you exhausted by January, you may want to examine your priorities, pick a few favorite activities and really enjoy them, while skipping the rest. Take Shortcuts If you can’t fathom the idea of skipping out on sending cards, baking, seeing people, and doing all of the stuff that usually runs you ragged, you may do better including all of these activities in your schedule, but on a smaller scale. Send cards, for example, but only to those with whom you maintain regular communication. Or, don’t include a personal note or letter in each one. Find a way to simplify. The same goes for the bakingâ€"will anyone be enraged if you buy baked goods from the bakery instead? If you find ways to cut corners or tone down the activities that are important to you and your family, you may enjoy them much more. Be Smart With Holiday Eating During the holidays, we may want to look and feel great (especially if were around people we dont see oftenâ€"we know that this is how well be remembered), but there is so much temptation in the form of delicious food and decadent desserts, and a break from our regular routinesâ€"plus the addition of emotional stressâ€"can all add up to overeating, emotional eating, and other forms of unhealthy eating. This year, plan ahead by being aware of your triggers, do what you can to have some healthy food at hand for each meal, be aware of your intake, and practice mindful eating. The resource below will provide more in-depth information on how to successfully do these things and more. Change Your Expectations for Togetherness With family and friends, it’s important to be aware of your limitations. Think back to previous years and try to pinpoint how much togetherness you and your family can take before feeling negative stress. Can you limit the number of parties you attend or throw  or the time you spend at each? Can you limit your time with family to a smaller timeframe that will still feel special and joyous, without draining you? When dealing with difficult relatives, it’s okay to set limits on what you are and are not willing to do, including forgoing your visits or limiting them to every other year. For those who experience loneliness during the holidays, consider inviting a group of friends to your home. If virtually everyone you know is with family during the holidays, you might consider volunteering to help those less fortunate than yourself. Many people report these experiences to be extremely fulfilling, and your focus will be on what you have rather than what you lack. Set a Schedule Putting your plans on paper can show you, in black and white, how realistic they are. If you find a time management planner and fill in the hours with your scheduled activities, being realistic and including driving time and downtime, you will be able to see if you’re trying to pack in too much. Start with your highest priorities, so you will be able to eliminate the less important activities. Be sure to schedule in some time to take a walk in nature each day if at all possible, as exercise and exposure to daylight can drastically reduce or even eliminate the symptoms of SAD. (If climate or other factors prohibit this, try to find some time to sit by a window and look out; several minutes of exposure to natural light, even if through a window pane, can help.) Breathe This sounds like a no-brainer, but sometimes we forget to take deep breaths and really give our bodies the oxygen we need. Its great if you can take ten minutes by yourself to do a breathing meditation, but merely stopping to take a few deep, cleansing breaths can reduce your level of negative stress in a matter of minutes, too. If you visualize that you are breathing in serenity and breathing out stress, you will find the positive effects of this exercise to be even more pronounced.

e-waste Essay - 1160 Words

Electronic and electrical equipment is essential part of busy world. It substitutes hard human work and makes it faster. Most of people have a computer at home or at work. In recent years changing of electronic equipment becomes faster due to obsolescence and advance (Deathe et al. 2008, 322). The problem of e-waste threatens the future environment of the modern society. E-waste or electronic waste means electrical and electronic equipment, which is not suitable for use and fills the dumps. Electronic equipment, such as mobile phones, computers, and televisions consist of hazardous materials, which pollute the environment and impact on human’s health. Obtaining of 1.6 billion pounds of lead and four times more pounds of plastic from†¦show more content†¦Reusing is not suitable approach because not all old computers can be used by a second consumer. Recycling and remanufacturing are recently proposed solutions which could be developed in the future to control e-waste. One of the known solutions to e-waste is recycling. Recycling is â€Å"the process of changing waste materials such as newspapers and bottles so that they can be used again† (Macmillan 2007). According to Bakar (2007, 1370) recycling has several parts of feasibility, the main aspects are dismantling and stages of separating. There are some recycling programs which help consumers to choose a convenient way to recycle their electronic equipment (Marquardt 2005). For instance, consumers can find programs on www.eiae.org (ibid. 2005). For recycling it is essential to have adequate raw materials for appreciable result with qualitative secondary products (Deathe et al. 2008, 324). Products of recycling are different things from refurbishing metals of electronic equipment. After recycling producers have two types of material. One of them of low grade and could be used in secondary market, other could be mixed with virgin material ( Bakar 2007,1371). Kahhat et al.(2008, 957) report that many countries already have experience in recycling, such as Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and the United States. As countries have different approaches for this solution, in South Korea consumers need to pay fee when buy newShow MoreRelatedE Waste Or Electronic Waste1539 Words   |  7 Pagesreplaced? Where do they go? These never-to-be-used again products are called E-waste. E-waste or electronic waste is referred to any kind of electronic device that have been discarded or devices that have been thrown away. They are also known as one of the fastest and great contributor to garbage streams that greatly impacts the planet due to its hazardous effects on both the environment and living creatures. Where does e-waste come from? Technology has become a necessity in the daily lives of consumersRead MoreThe Problem Of E Waste1718 Words   |  7 Pageslives of the people and the use of such innovations. In this regard, electronic waste commonly referred to as â€Å"e-waste† is one of the biggest challenges facing people all over the world for the production of the electrical and electronic equipment has been growing rapidly in the past decades. Therefore, the rise in demand for this equipment and the high obsolete rate has made e-waste of the fastest growing source of waste. For this reason, experts have come out to suggest various methods that can beRead MoreE Waste Management1725 Words   |  7 PagesE-Waste Management in Pakistan Zaigham Abbas Technical Officer (Chemicals) Ministry of Environment Government of Pakistan Regional Workshop on WEEE/E-Waste Management, 6 - 9 July 2010, Osaka, Japan 1 INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION Ministry of Environment is responsible for National Environment Policy, Planning and International Environment Coordination. 2 PAKISTAN: STATUS OF ENVIRONMENT ï‚ § Constitution of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) headed by the PrimeRead MoreThe Problem Of E Waste2629 Words   |  11 PagesE-Waste may be described as a broad and growing range of electronics ranging from large household devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners, cell phones, personal stereos and consumer electronics to computers, which have been discarded by their users. (Puckett and Smith, 2002). While this description is accurate, it is slightly ambiguous about the length of time before a device can actually be considered waste. Often, owners discard their electronics long before they have reached the end ofRead MoreElectronic Waste ( Ak E Waste1831 Words   |  8 PagesKEY ISSUE: Electronic waste (aka: E-Waste) produced by affluent countries ends up in developing countries, where it poisons the local environment and people. 41.5 million tons of e-waste was generated in 2011, and 93.5 million tons is expected to be generated per year by 2016 (Bonning ton 2014). Many companies claim to have the environment in mind by designing products that use less energy or have eco-friendly packaging (Bonnington 2014). However, those green initiatives aren’t worth boasting aboutRead MoreThe Problem Of E Waste1548 Words   |  7 Pageselectronic wastes properly, the last thought you had about it was throwing it away. The issue has come past moral obligation. The damage wrought upon the environment and human lives, present and future, is hard to determine due to the ‘it’s someone else’s problem’ nature that Americans have developed towards e-waste. Sadly, this is not just how the American public and government see the problem. Any large, industrialized country faces the same issues, exporting and hiding the e-waste in third worldRead MoreThe Human and Environmental Effects of E-Waste3172 Words   |  13 PagesElectronic Waste 5. Sources of E-Waste 6. Solutions 7. Conclusion 8. Questionnaire 9. Bibliography 9.1. Books 9.2. Articles 9.3. Online (World Wide Web) Sources 10. Appendixâ€Æ' INTRODUCTION The phenomenon of discarded electronic or electrical waste has generated worldwide attention and concern as it is a global problem that is getting bigger by the day. This concern is justified due to the effects of environmental pollution that e-waste causes. An estimated 50 million tons of e-waste is producedRead MoreE-Waste Recycling Program982 Words   |  4 Pageselectronic waste (e-waste) is increasing rapidly in the US and many people know that they should not just throw e-waste in the garbage can because it can be delivered to the landfill, burned and leave over chemical substances into water underground . That is very dangerous because it might kill all the trees that groundwater feeds and it could get into our drinking water of us. Therefore, they just end up giving those broken electronics stuffs to an e-waste recycler without knowing where their e-wasteRead More A Solution to E-Waste Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pagesresults in following stockpiling of needless gadgets, which become a part of municipal waste. These end-of-life electronic devices are often called â€Å"electronic waste, or e-waste†. As Brett H. Robinson (2009) claims, now worldwide production of e-waste reaches approximately 20-25 million tons being discarded every year with the largest proportion in Europe, the United States and Australasia. Hence, the problem of e-waste disposal management grows into a serious global challenge. As it was reported by theRead MoreThe Digital Revolution : The Generation Of Electronic Waste, Or E Waste1919 Words   |  8 Pagesgeneration of electronic waste, or e-waste. According to a 2014 report by the United Nations University – Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS SCYCLE), 41.8 million tons of e-waste was generated globally and is expected to grow to 49.8 million tons in 2018, with an annual growth rate of 4-5%. The Step Initiative, which is an international cooperative led by the UNU-IAS SCYCLE and dedicated to increasing awareness and overcoming this problem, defines e-waste as, â€Å"a term used to

The Nature Law of John Locke - 606 Words

â€Å"since Sin has broke in upon the World, and vitiated the humane Nature.† (John Bernard) This is the opening line of John Bernard’s speech or at least what John Locke hears as he gets to the sermon. Massachusetts is cold, John Locke isn’t surprised. He has heard things about it, the weather, the people and now the righteous. The ground is covered in snow and the church is packed with men, women and children; All awaiting to hear more of the words of John Bernard. He moves to take a seat or at least find somewhere to stand. A few people share knowledge of him is their eyes and he smiles faintly, this makes it easy for him to get to the front of the room or close to Mr. Bernard and give him a chance to really hear and feel his words. â€Å"Second Treatise on Civil Government†, is his own work and has apparently made its way over to Massachusetts. A man sees him and stands, words are exchanged and hands are shaken and before he knows it John Locke is sitting in the front row listening to Mr. Bernard talk. He is passionate and his words are strong, the people watching are in rapture and awe. â€Å"and vitiated the humane Nature, there us bot so much the more Reason and Necessity for Government among Creatures that are become so very weak, and depraved.† Locke understands what he says, but he has more of a mind to think humans are more than weak and depraved. John Locke meets the eyes of John Bernard and for a moment there is small shock, acknowledgement and then it’s back to hisShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And The Law Of Nature976 Words   |  4 Pages. John Locke’s notion of the Law of Nature is crucial and necessary to understand his work the ‘Second Treatise of Government’. His beliefs in limited government and individual rights are perceived throughout the entire text, but in order to understand why he believes this it is necessary to understand and analyze three elements. First one must understand what the Law of Nature is according to John Locke and why it is an essential element towards all individuals. Second one must understand how theRead MoreThe Classical Theory Of The Law Of Nature And The Social Treaty Of John Locke Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pagesclassical theory of the law of nature and the social treaty of John Locke can be found in the fundamentals of the modern, especially in the Anglo-Saxon, g overnmental institutions. This work of his exceeds the borders of one particular historical political event. Locke’s political theory is a classical example of a normative doctrine that leaves Aristotle’s famous separation between the theoretical and practical disciplines and connects politics with ethics on the principles upon which law is established onRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes1287 Words   |  6 Pagesmust know how to balance and consider the nature of humankind and their rights. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were both political philosophers who developed theories about how the government should work. They set up their theories around The Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. Although John Locke and Thomas Hobbes had a similar goal, their beliefs and opinions were definitely not the same. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both believed in the Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. They bothRead MoreEssay about John Locke ´s Flawless Government860 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are some methods of governing that come extremely close to achieving an ideal government. John Locke offers a way of governing, which I believe comes remarkably close to creating a flawless government. John Locke constructs a government that is controlled by the will of the people, which can easily be abolished if it does not adhere to protecting their fundamental rights of the people. For John Locke in order to create an almost flawless form of government we must imagine a world without governmentRead MoreJohn Locke s The Second Treatise Of Civil Government977 Words   |  4 PagesThorn Philosophy 1301.040 24 March 2017 John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government In John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government, Locke discusses what the moral state of nature is and rejects the idea of a â€Å"divine right of kings.† John Locke was a product of the best schools in England and had a heavy impact on Western thought through his writings. As a Christ Church graduate, Locke largely discusses in his writings the state of nature, the concept of natural property and retributiveRead MoreThe American Constitution And The Bill Of Rights1463 Words   |  6 Pagesand thoughts of the philosophes, specifically John Locke. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both English philosophers,influential thinkers of the seventeenth century, both had confidence in a Social Contract and they both distributed books that were generally perused. Thomas Hobbes talked about and built up the social contract hypothesis through his book Leviathan. The social contract hypothesis was later bolstered and translated encourage by John Locke. This hypothesis which was essential to theRead MoreThe State Of Nature And Government1315 Words   |  6 Pages THE STATE OF NATURE AND GOVERNMENT Chloe Holmeshaw BF190 Dr. Charles Wells October 11, 2015 â€Æ' The State of Nature and Government The State of Nature and governing in â€Å"The State of Nature† are two subject that Hobbes and Locke both discuss in their book. The enlightenment period was a time of Learning, new inventions, new theories, and new government. Two prominent figures that became known during the enlightenment were Thomas Hobbes (1588-1674) and John Locke (1632-1704). These enlightenmentRead MoreJohn Locke S Justification Of Slavery953 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Locke`s Justification Of Slavery This paper examines Locke`s stand on the state of nature, the state of war, and his reasoning behind the justification of slavery. I am here to prove that Locke`s position on slavery was intended to relieve absolute power from the monarchy, and transfer more of the power into the wealthy and educated people of his own social economic background. In order to accomplish this task, the rest of the essay unfolds in three parts: Part One states and explains Locke`sRead More The Influence of John Locke Essay examples970 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Locke was someone more than just an ordinary man. He was the son of a country attorney and born on August 29, 1632. He grew up during the civil war and later entered the Church of Christ, Oxford, where he remained as a student and teacher for many years. (Rivitch 23) With a wide variety of political and religious views, he expressed most of his personnel views on education and social and political philosophies. Once he noted the five lasting pleasures throughout his careerRead MorePolitical Theory of John Locke Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke: Account of Political Society What would the American government be like today if it was not for the mind and political theory of John Locke? Some historians and philosophers believe that without John Locke our government would only be a shadow of what it is today. Arguably, one of his most important political and philosophical works was his Two Treatises of Government. There he argues that the function of the state is to protect the natural rights of its citizens, primarily to

Accounting Theory Free Essays

Accounting Theory Construction The function to study accounting theories is to classify them according to the assumptions they rely on, how they were formulated, and their approaches to explaining and predicting actual events. There are some classification which are pragmatic, syntactic, semantic, normative, positive, and naturalistic approaches. Pragmatic approaches are based on observing the behavior of accountants or those who use the information generated by accountant. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Syntactic approaches rely on logical argument, based on a set of premises. Semantic approaches concern how theories correspond to real-world events. Normative theories rely on both semantic and syntactic approaches. Positive approaches test hypotheses against actual event . Positive approaches test hypotheses against actual and the last is Naturalistic approaches consider individual cases and do not try to generalise. PRAGMATIC THEORIES Descriptive Pragmatic Approach Descriptive pragmatic approach based on continual observation of the behavior of accountants, a theory can be developed from observations of how accountants act in certain situations. The theory can be tested by observing whether accountant do act in the way the theory suggest. This approach is probably the oldest and most universally used method of accounting theory construction. Criticisms of descriptive pragmatic approach: * does not consider the quality of an accountant’s action * does not provide for accounting practices to be challenged * focuses on accountants’ behaviour not on measuring the attributes of the firm Psychological Pragmatic Approach Differetnt with Descriptive pragmatic approach, this approach require theorist to observe users responses to the accountants output ( ex:financial report). There are also some problem with this psychological approach that are : * some users may react in an illogical manner * some users might have a preconditioned response * some users may not react when they should SYNTATIC AND SEMANTIC THEORIES Semantic inputs of the system are the transactions and exchanges recorded in the vouchers, journals, and ledgers of the business. These are then manipulated on basis of the premises and assumptions of historical cost accounting. Some accounting theorists are critical, they argue that the theory has semantic content only on the basis of its inputs. There is no independent empirical operation to verify the calculated outputs for examples, ‘profit’ or ‘total asset’. Historical cost accounting has also been criticised on the basis of its syntactic element, for example with respect to the practice of summing several different money amounts assigned to specific assets In defence of the historical cost system, accountants argue that there is no requirement that accounting outputs should have any semantic content or be subject to falsification rules. NORMATIVE THEORIES The 1950s and 1960s saw what has been described as the ‘golden age’ of normative accounting research. Accounting researches become more concerned with policy recommendation and with what should be done, rather than with analysing and explaining the currently accepted practice. Normative theories concentrated either on deriving the ‘true income’ for an accounting period. True income : true income theorists concentrated on deriving a single measure for assets and a unique profit figure. Decision usefulness ; the decision usefulness approach assumes that the basic objective of accounting is to aid the decision making process of certain ‘users’ of accounting reports by providing useful, or relevant, accounting data. The normative theories of the 1950s and 1960s began with a statement of the domain (scope) and objectives of accounting, the assumptions underlying the system and definitions of all the key concepts. POSITIVE THEORIES During the 1970s, accounting theory saw a move back to empirical methodology, which is often referred to as positive methodology. Positivism or empiricism means testing or relating accounting hypotheses or theories back to experiences or facts of the real world. The main different between normative and positive theories is that normative theories are prescriptive, whereas positive theories are descriptive, explanatory or predictive. DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES Focused on what may be considered to be a highly structured approach to theory formulation – the scientific approach. This approach has an inherent assumption that the world to be researched is an objectives reality capable of examination in terms of large scale or average statistics. This type of research is carried out by incremental hypotheses which are then combined to provide greater understanding, or better predictions of accounting. The implied assumption is that a good theory holds under circumstances that are constant across firms, industries and time. The criticism of the scientific method are the large-scale statistical research tends to lump everything together and it is conducted in environments that are often remote from the world of or the concerns of accountants. SCIENTIFIC APPROACH APPLIED TO ACCOUNTING A great deal of misunderstanding exists about the attempt to apply a scientific approach to accounting. The attempt is to make scientists out of accounting practitioners. Accountants who believe in a scientific approach want empirical evidence and logical explanation to support accounting practices so that practitioners can recommend the most appropriate methods for given situation based on this evidence. Another common misunderstanding about the application of the scientific view in accounting is that ‘absolute truth’ is desired, which of course is not possible. ISSUES FOR AUDITING THEORY CONSTRUCTION Auditing is a verification process that is applied to the accounting inputs and processes. Auditor provide an opinion on whether the financial statements are in accordance with the applicable reporting framework, and also provide on whether the statements present fairly, in all material respects, or give a true and fair view. The normative era of accounting theory and research also coincided with a normative approach to auditing theory. The positive ere of accounting has led to a positive approach to auditing theory How to cite Accounting Theory, Essay examples

The White Balloon Essays - Films, The White Balloon, Goldfish

The White Balloon T h e W h i t e B a l l o o n Moiz Bhinderwala I. Give a short summary of the film in which you tell: - where and when the story takes place - who the main characters are ? protagonists and antagonists - how their lives are affected by the culture they are in The story is set in a modern Tehran ? just two hours before the start of the traditional Persian New Year -the first day of spring, March 21st, is New Year's Day in Iran. The whole story revolves around Raziah, a determined seven-year-old girl who wants nothing more than a certain beautiful goldfish to decorate her family's house for the New Year- (the first day of spring, March 21st, is New Year's Day in Iran) Though it's tough to convey the excitement of such a simple plot in words, her quest for the fish is surprisingly moving. This is partly because the adorable Raziah, who shouts all her lines, is so utterly appealing; and partly because the market of Tehran, where she ventures out to buy the fish with her mother's money (under strict instructions to bring back change). seems like no place for a little girl to be wandering by herself ? (underlines the fact about restriction on women in this culture) A sense of threat accompanies Raziah on her journey. First, some snake charmers - a bunch of men that she has been warned not to look at, by her parents - manage to separate the seven-year-old from her note. With the help of her sturdy vocal chords she manages to get the money back, only to lose it again. There's a subtle feeling that Raziah might be paddled by her parents if she doesn't get her money back - her brother, who convinced their mother to give his sister the money in the first place, shows up at one point with a black eye. The adults who surround the two children can't seem to understand how dire it is that they get their money back, but the kids themselves are quite certain of the gravity of their task. With earnest concentration, they try a variety of techniques to retrieve the bank note that has fallen through a grating into a cellar. Her search to recover the cash becomes intertwined with the lives of vendors, merchants, an indignant tailor, a friendly soldier on leave far from home, an Afghan refugee selling balloons and Raziah's own brother. The film takes place in real time, heightening the sense of living inside a child's world. Though the adults can't understand how important it is for Raziah to get her goldfish or to retrieve her money, it becomes very clear to us that these are matters of immense importance. The White Balloon conveys that deep, even timeless, childhood feeling of being thwarted at something you really want, of how something like a bowl of goldfish can be a life-or-death matter! The movie also brings out the various aspects of the Iranian Moslem culture in which the plot is set. The very fact that Raziah's parents warn her of places that girls are not supposed to go ? indicates that in this culture there are restrictions on girls with regards to entertainment. The scene where Raziah engages into talk with the friendly soldier, she is shown re-arranging her dress time and again, this also points out the strict dress code that women in this culture are supposed to stick to. II. As an anthropologist you are trying to understand this culture based on what you have seen in this film. - What differences are there between your culture and the culture presented in the film? I come from India, which shares an Asian culture with Iran. Moreover since my religion is Islam which is the same as the one of all the characters in the movie, it is difficult to me to narrow down the differences between my culture and the culture portrayed in the movie. However, the one differences that I noticed between the two cultures, in the movie was the dress code. Women in Iran are supposed to follow a strict dress code in which they wear longer dresses so as